jimmyabijahh的部落格

近日來，一位好友多次問我，從不吸煙的人，為什麼會得肺癌。

我雖然有給他答案，但還是認為，應當把較完整的資料，公佈在這個網站。

很湊巧，美國癌症協會在三個禮拜前（2017-11-6）才剛發表了一篇這樣的文章。它的標題是： Lung Cancer Risks for Non-smokers（非吸煙者的肺癌風險）。

我把它翻譯如下：

美國每年死於

肺癌

的人中有20％從未吸煙或使用任何其他形式的煙草。也就是說，在2017年，約有3萬名從未吸煙的美國人將會死於肺癌。事實上，如果非吸煙者的肺癌有其獨立的分類，那麼它將成為美國前10名致命癌症之一。

為了降低肺癌風險，我們所能做的最重要的事情，仍然是遠離煙草。但還是有其他風險因素。研究人員在過去十年中，對於了解什麼原因導致從未吸煙的人得肺癌，取得了很大的進展：

氡氣。根據美國環境保護署（EPA）的數據，非吸煙者患肺癌的主要原因是接觸氡氣。每年約有21,000人是由於接觸氡氣而死於肺癌。氡氣在戶外的量是無害的，但有時會集中於建造在鈾礦床土壤的家園。

研究發現，那些在氡污染的房子裡生活了多年的人患肺癌的風險更高。因為氡氣不能被看見或聞到，唯一能知道您的家是否有問題的方法，就是測試它。

由環保署製作的 A Citizen’s Guide to Radon（有關氡的公民指南）解釋如何能既輕鬆又便宜地測試家中的氡氣含量，以及，如果水平過高，該怎麼做。

（註：氡是一種放射性氣體，來自土壤和岩石中鈾的裂變。它是無色、無臭、無味的。當氡從土壤釋放到戶外的空氣中，由於被稀釋，不會形成問題。然而，在封閉的空間裡，它有可能會積累到一個有害的水平。）

二手煙

。每年大約有7000名成年人由於吸入二手煙而死於肺癌。禁止在公共場所吸煙的法律有助於減少這種危險。

美國癌症協會癌症行動網絡（ACS CAN）是美國癌症協會非營利，無黨派的倡導附屬機構，正在努力擴大和加強這些法律，以進一步保護吸煙者和非吸煙者免受二手煙的危害。

在工作場所的致癌物質。對某些人來說，工作場所是暴露於，例如石棉和柴油廢氣等，致癌物質的來源。近年來，由於政府和工業界已經採取措施幫助保護工人，與工作有關的這類致癌物質的暴露量已經下降。但危險依然存在。如果你在這些致癌物質的周遭工作，你應該盡可能局限你的暴露。

空氣污染

。人們早就知道，室內和室外的空氣污染都會導致肺癌。世界衛生組織（WHO）將室外空氣污染歸類為癌症致癌物（致癌物）。然而，由於政策有助於降低暴露水平，美國之與空氣污染相關的肺癌風險，被認為是低於許多其他國家。

基因突變。研究人員正越來越了解導致細胞癌變的原因，以及不吸煙者和吸煙者之間肺癌細胞的差異。了解基因改變如何導致肺癌細胞生長，可以幫助研究人員開發專門針對這些突變的藥物，也就是所謂的標靶治療藥物。

生活方式改變可以降低風險

不吸煙者已經消除了他們最大的肺癌風險因素。但不吸煙者還可以做一些生活方式改變，來進一步降低風險。laennec

測試你家的氡氣，避免二手煙，限制工作中的暴露，可以幫助你避免不吸煙者得肺癌的主要因素。

多量水果和蔬菜的健康飲食也有助於降低患肺癌的風險。一些證據表明，高量的蔬果飲食可能有助於預防吸煙者和非吸煙者罹患肺癌。但是，水果和蔬菜對肺癌風險的任何積極影響，都遠遠小於吸煙引起的風險增加。

（註：上面有講，在美國，空氣污染不是重要因素。但是，在台灣和中國大陸，空氣污染肯定是重要因素。請看2017-9-25發表的 隱形殺手！ 空氣汙染提高肺癌發生率。其中一句話是：空氣品質惡化，即使不抽菸有良好的生活習慣肺腺癌也可能找上門。）

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In recent days, a friend has repeatedly asked me why people who never smoke have lung cancer.

Although I have given him the answer, I still believe that more complete information should be published on this website.

Coincidentally, the American Cancer Society just published an article like this three weeks ago (2017-11-6). Its title is: Lung Cancer Risks for Non-smokers (non-smokers' lung cancer risk).

I translated it as follows:

Image Source

The United States dies every year

Lung cancer
20% of people who have never smoked or used any other form of tobacco. In other words, in 2017, about 30,000 Americans who have never smoked will die of lung cancer. In fact, if non-smokers have an independent classification of lung cancer, it will become one of the top 10 deadly cancers in the United States.

In order to reduce the risk of lung cancer, the most important thing we can do is still stay away from tobacco. But there are still other risk factors. In the past decade, researchers have made great progress in understanding what causes lung cancer in people who have never smoked:

Radon gas. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the main cause of lung cancer in non-smokers is exposure to hernia. About 21,000 people die of lung cancer each year due to exposure to hernia. The amount of radon outside is harmless, but sometimes it concentrates on building homes in the soil of uranium deposits.

The study found that people who have lived in a polluted house for many years have a higher risk of developing lung cancer. Because helium can't be seen or smelled, the only way to know if your home has a problem is to test it.

A Citizen’s Guide to Radon, produced by the Environmental Protection Agency, explains how to test your home's radon content easily and cheaply, and what to do if the level is too high.

laennec(Note: 氡 is a radioactive gas derived from the fission of uranium in soil and rock. It is colorless, odorless, and odorless. When cockroaches are released from the soil into the outdoor air, it is not diluted because it is diluted. However, In a closed space, it may accumulate to a harmful level.)

Secondhand smoke
. About 7,000 adults die each year from lung cancer due to inhaled secondhand smoke. Laws prohibiting smoking in public places help to reduce this risk.

The American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network (ACS CAN) is a non-profit, non-partisan advocacy subsidiary of the American Cancer Society that is working to expand and strengthen these laws to further protect smokers and non-smokers from secondhand smoke.

Carcinogens in the workplace. For some people, the workplace is exposed to sources of carcinogens such as asbestos and diesel exhaust. In recent years, exposure to such work-related carcinogens has declined as governments and industry have taken steps to help protect workers. But the danger still exists. If you work around these carcinogens, you should limit your exposure as much as possible.

Air pollution
. It has long been known that indoor and outdoor air pollution can cause lung cancer. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies outdoor air pollution as a cancer carcinogen (carcinogen). However, because policies help reduce exposure levels, the risk of lung cancer associated with air pollution in the United States is considered to be lower than in many other countries.

Gene mutation. Researchers are increasingly aware of the causes of cell carcinogenesis and the differences in lung cancer cells between non-smokers and smokers. Understanding how genetic alterations lead to lung cancer cell growth can help researchers develop drugs that specifically target these mutations, the so-called target treatments.

Lifestyle changes can reduce risk

Non-smokers have eliminated their biggest lung cancer risk factor. But non-smokers can also make lifestyle changes to further reduce risk.

Testing your family's suffocation, avoiding second-hand smoke, and limiting exposure during work can help you avoid the major causes of lung cancer in non-smokers.

A healthy diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables also helps reduce the risk of lung cancer. Some evidence suggests that high levels of fruit and vegetable diets may help prevent lung cancer in smokers and non-smokers. However, any positive impact of fruits and vegetables on lung cancer risk is much less than the increased risk of smoking.

(Note: It is said that air pollution is not an important factor in the United States. However, in Taiwan and mainland China, air pollution is definitely an important factor. Please see the invisible killer published on 2017-9-25! Air pollution increases the incidence of lung cancer. One of the words is: air quality deteriorates, even if you don't smoke, you have a good habit of lung adenocarcinoma. You may find it.)